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Table of Contents. Previous Page. Next Page. Page 5: Table Of Contents Page Basic Parameters For PipeWorx D Wear oil-free protective garments such as leather gloves, heavy Welding produces fumes and gases. Breathing shirt, cuffless trousers, high shoes, and a cap. D Do not install or place unit on, over, or near D Do not use welder to charge batteries or jump combustible surfaces.
Page California Proposition 65 Warnings California Proposition 65 Warnings Welding or cutting equipment produces fumes or gases This product contains chemicals, including lead, known to which contain chemicals known to the State of California to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or other cause birth defects and, in some cases, cancer.
Page 16 OM Page Watch Out! There are possible hazards as shown by the symbols. Do not touch electrode with bare hand.
Do not wear wet or damaged gloves. Page 18 Disconnect input plug or power before working on machine. Always wear a face shield when servicing unit. Page 19 Consult rating label for input power requirements. Page Miscellaneous Symbols And Definitions If unit overheats, thermostat s opens, output stops, and cooling fan runs.
Wait fifteen minutes for unit to cool. Reduce amperage or duty cycle before welding. Serial Number And Rating Label Location The serial number and rating information for this product is located on the front. For future reference, write serial number in space provided on back cover of this manual. Page Remote 14 Accessory Receptacle Information In this configuration, the Amperage Adjust knob on the unit becomes the primary and sets the maximum amperage output of the unit.
Turning On Remote 14 Receptacle Control For Stick Turn Off welding power source, disconnect input power, and check voltage on input capacitors accord- ing to Section before proceeding. Protected by supplementary protector CB2. Connected to chassis common. Completes 24 volts AC power supply circuit to feeder. Page Supplementary Protector Cb2 Press button to reset supplementary protector.
Lifting Eye The wire feeder allows access to the lifting eye on the power source. The entire welding system as shown with cable hangers, cooler with coolant, dual feeder, and running gear can be lifted with the lifting eye. Page Electrical Service Guide Do not use a genera- tor with automatic idle device that idles engine when no load is sensed to supply input power to this welding power source. Page 33 Notes OM Page Page Connecting 3-Phase Input Power Page 35 Connecting 3-Phase Input Power Continued national, state, and local electrical codes.
Retaining Ring 2 Install wheels on cylinder tray as shown. Assemble cable holder tubes to bracket using supplied hardware. Place cable holder assembly on top of power source or cart and set wire feeder on cable hanger. Page Connecting Weld Output Cables Connecting Weld Output Cables Do not place anything between weld cable terminal and copper bar.
Incorrect Installation B Weld Output Terminal weld output terminal and secure with nut so Turn off power before connecting to that weld cable terminal is tight against weld output terminals. Locate end of composite cable where gas Y-hose for dual wire feeder. Connect customer-supplied gas hose. Page Gun Trigger Receptacle Adjust tension nuts so anti-wear guide. Install drive rolls. Use of this This arrangement is an ideal setup for lead is critical stable welding supporting separate voltage feedback to Composite Cable performance.
Page 47 B. Bad Setup B Welding Power Source Workpiece across the workpiece will not be measured correctly for the voltage feedback signal. Composite Cable This arrangement is a bad setup due to Voltage feedback to the welding power sensing leads being directly in the current Work Cable sources will not be correct at either sense flow path of the welding arc.
As an example, Pro-Pulse and RMD welding processes can produce high welding circuit inductance depending on cable length and arrangement. A gas mixture or wire diameter selection is not required. See wire manufacturer for the recommended gas mixture. The 0. Page 54 Operational Terms Continued Pulse An advanced pulse spray transfer process suited for the fill and cap passes on pipe. The Pulse process utilizes Pro-Pulset constant current ramps with constant voltage control of peaks and backgrounds.
Adaptive response is controlled by peak and minimum current levels. Page Welding Power Source Controls Welding Power Source Controls A. Page Memory Card Slot The memory card slot uses an SD memory card. A memory card can be inserted into the slot and used for storing and retrieving operator settings, providing custom MIG type weld process data, and loading firmware updates to the unit. Page 57 B. Insert memory card into slot push card all the way into slot and then release.
Close memory card access cover. Memory Card Removal Lift and hold memory card access cover open. Push in and release memory card to eject card. Page 58 D. The STICK text below the button illuminates as well as the active stick electrode type text and the swoosh above the amperage adjust knob. The operator must select the desired stick electrode type and adjust the amperage knob to the appropriate setting within a range from 40 to amps. Page 60 Gas Selection Table The gas selection table provides the available shielding gas selections.
The gas type text illuminates to indicate the active gas selection. Page Tig Sequence Control Page Wire Feeder Controls Wire Feeder Controls A. Page 67 Left Side Controls Select Button Press and release this button to activate the wire feeder left side controls. See Section for the procedure to select the appropriate MIG process type parameters.
Rotating the knob clockwise increases wire feed speed and counter-clockwise decreases wire feed speed. Wire feed speed adjustment is active when the swoosh above the knob is illuminated. The setting can be different for left and right sides and MIG process type, and the unit will hold these settings for both sides. Page Preflow And Postflow Adjustment Preflow And Postflow Adjustment Postflow will not function without an arc initiation. These times are global settings i. Adjust postflow time to desired value by rotate the Wire Feed Speed knob.
Available selections include Std and numeric values from 0 to 60 seconds. Press any button to return to the normal display. OM Page
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Download Free PDF. Sachin Singh. A short summary of this paper. Goswami Abstract—A new method for optimal feeder routing in radial dis- of variables exist, one has to balance between the time spent in tribution system planning has been reported in this paper.
This determining the minimum value against the time spent in going method harnesses the efficacy of the bacterial foraging technique ahead with further branching. Obviously, a good starting point for solving combinatorial optimization problems with faster con- vergence and enhanced probability to achieve a global optimum can reduce computational time; moreover, a linear approxima- solution of the distribution planning problem.
In this new planning tion of the variable costs is required. Excessive solution time method, bacterial foraging technique is used in a different way so has been reported as the number of binary variable increases that it does not require tuning of all parameters. The planning al- [3], [4]. Recently, some works using GAs, simulated annealing, and The result of test cases reflects the potential of this new planning technique in optimizing the network structure.
Besides having a greater Index Terms—Algorithms, load-flow analysis, networks, opti- chance to achieve better results, there are scopes for a detailed mization methods, power distribution planning. The potential of the GA is shown in comparison with the HE aim of any distribution system planning is to achieve T the best way to connect demand locations with substations so that demand is met at minimum cost, satisfying technical and classical technique in [5] and [6].
In GA, the length of binary strings representing the integer variables becomes high, even for medium-size networks and, therefore, this leads to an extremely physical constraints of the considered system. As distribution system planning problem is one of the oldest The SA technique is applied to solve the problem [7]. An research topics in a apower system, a number of planning initial solution is generated first by the steepest descent method.
Among the traditional solution methods, Thereafter, the initial network is modified by including a new the most popular one is the mixed integer linear programming randomly selected branch and subsequently the newly formed MILP [1], [2].
The first step to solve MILP is to ignore the mesh is opened by removing a branch identified by a random integer restrictions on variables and solve it as an LP problem selection process again. Each move follows a full load flow to with the Simplex method [3]. The solution obtained by solving check the effect of inclusion of a new branch in the network. The set of violated is obtained by movement of ants from one node to another, variables is then modified, and the problem is solved by two where each move is decided by the magnitude of pheromone methods commonly called: 1 the cutting plane method and 2 accumulated in different paths and a heuristic guide function.
The branch-and-bound method A number of parameters are required to tune and runs of is commonly used to solve integral restriction on variables the algorithm are required for proper tuning of parameters, as due to complicacy involved in the cutting plane method.
The reported in [8]. A different approach based on the additional branch-and-bound method consists two strategies, alternatively cost method [9] and branch-exchange technique [10] have been followed, until the desired solution is obtained. One strategy applied in distribution planning. A more detailed review of dif- consists in branching a problem into two subproblems and the ferent planning models is available in [11] and [12].
In a mization technique, which was introduced by Passino [13]. But these applications of bacterial foraging require the tuning of a large number of Manuscript received August 29, ; revised July 30, ; accepted Au- parameters simultaneously.
Date of publication October 06, ; date of current version December 23, Paper no. The main drawback of the bacterial foraging technique is that S. Singh and T. Ghose are with the Department of Electrical and Electronics it requires tuning of a large number of parameters. Several mod- Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra , India e-mail: ifications are reported in this paper to reduce the number of these sachin Goswami is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur parameters that require tuning.
To represent a tumble, a unit length random direction, feeders and power loss constitutes the major portion of fixed and say is generated to define the direction of movement after variable cost, respectively. Therefore, the main consideration a tumble. Then, the movement of the bacterium may be repre- during distribution planning is to minimize the total installation sented by cost and power losses taking place in the network, which can be formulated as 2 Minimize 1 B.
Swarming where Self-organized collective behavior has been observed for E. When a bacterium reaches a better location, it attracts other bacteria so that they converge in that i proposed feeder route index; location. The cell-to-cell signaling in an E. The constraints to be satisfied are: 1 conservation of power flow: where is the vector of power flow and 3 is the vector of power demand at each of the N nodes.
The foraging strategy of bacteria includes four basic mechanisms, namely, chemotaxis, swarming, reproduction, and magnitude of attractant released by the cell; elimination-dispersal.
Chemotaxis magnitude of the repellent released by the The motile behavior of bacteria is shown in the presence of cell; a chemical stimulus in their surrounding environment. For the movement of bacteria, required propulsion is provided by a set diffusion rate of the chemical repellent of rigid left-handed helix-configured flagella. This flagellum is released by the cell. When fla- C. Reproduction gellum rotates in the counter-clockwise direction, it produces unidirectional force for swimming and clockwise rotation pro- After completion of a number of chemotactic steps , the duces force for tumbling.
In tumbling, there is no net displace- population of bacteria undergoes the reproduction stage. In ment of bacteria in any specific direction. It can swim for a pe- this stage, the half population of bacteria having least riod of time in the same direction or it may tumble.
Elimination and Dispersal magnitude of repellent released from the th node toward branch ; The surrounding environment where a population of bacteria live may change either slowly due to consumption of nutrients diffusion rate of repellent in branch. Events can occur so that The values of attractant, repellent, and their diffusion rates are all bacteria in a region are killed or a group is relocated to a calculated directly based on the equations developed in the con- new part of the environment.
It may also be possible that water text of distribution planning. Therefore, separate tuning of these or some animal will move the population of bacteria from one parameters is not required. Diffusion rates of attractant and re- place to another.
Therefore, it is possible that diffusion rates IV. In the first iter- In this method, the optimum feeder route is obtained by ation, diffusion rates of attractant and repellent are considered movement of bacteria from one node to another node. Each the same but their values are random. After determining the cost movement of bacteria is guided by the nutrient value at the of the network obtained in the first iteration, we replace nodes and cell-to-cell signaling between bacteria.
The bac- the random diffusion rate in each branch by the diffusion rate terium selects a feeder route for its movement if the magnitude calculated from 5 , only if that branch is present in the network of the nutrient and cell-to-cell signaling function is highest in obtained that route compared to the other optional routes available.
Each node in the distribution network represents a point 6 where bacterium is located. The value of cell-to-cell signaling function is calculated individually for each bacterium based on where the local nutrient function value at the place of bacterium and its distance from other bacteria. The total nutrient concentration constant diffusion factor and is the cost of the at any node is the sum of the nutrient function value and the network in million Rs. The value of is dependent on the network size and total connected load in the system.
It has been found after consid- A. Swarming ering several test cases that the value of DF generally lies in the At any th node, bacterium can tumble toward the directions range 0. Any random value of DF can be picked of other nodes which are directly connected to the th node.
Bac- from this range but to achieve faster convergence, tuning this terium can move only in the forward and backward direction parameter finely within the range is recommended.
To select along the length of any branch connected to the node, where bac- the exact value of DF from the aforementioned range, several terium resides. During the movement of bacteria from one node preliminary runs of the technique with different values of DF to another node, the run length is exactly equal to the branch within the range are required.
Therefore, bacteria cannot exist in The initial network structure, obtained in the first iteration, the entire length of the branch except at the terminal nodes. The cell-to-cell changes and based on revised cost, new values of diffusion rates signaling is very important since it plays an important role in are calculated.
Due to the aforementioned reason, it may be pos- deciding the direction of movement while tumbling. Therefore, sible that for a particular branch, we can obtain different dif- the function of cell-to-cell signaling by a bacterium located at fusion rates in different iterations. If this is the case, the min- the th node toward the th node can be represented by the fol- imum value of diffusion rate will be used in the following itera- lowing equation: tion.
This will prevent the nodes with a very heavy load 8 from appearing at the far ends of the feeder routes to some ex- tent. Therefore, in tumbling, the total nutrient gradient sensed by sum of the total load in the network; a bacterium at the th node, toward the th node will be the sum of the nutrient gradient toward the th node and the value of frequency of appearance of branch in the th cell-to-cell signaling function from the th node, toward the th network iteration; node normalization factor.
The value of is dependent on the network size and total where load connected in the system. After considering several test total number of bacteria; cases, it has been found that the value of generally lies in the range 10 to Any random value of can be chosen number of nodes in the network; from this range, but to achieve faster convergence, tuning this maximum number of chemotatic steps.
Further, fine tuning of this parameter can be accomplished by several From 6 it is clear that the magnitude of attractant released preliminary runs of the technique with different values of in a branch is dependent on the network iteration number and within the range.
Starting with random values of at- B. Chemotatic Steps tractant and repellant diffusion rates, the network obtained after Each chemotatic step includes a tumbling process and a move first iteration is an arbitrary solution and it converges to an op- by a bacterium. In tumbling, bacteria decide the direction to timum solution as number of iteration increases. Therefore, to move by comparing the total nutrient gradient in the provide the sufficient weightage to network iteration number, different branches that are directly connected to the th node it has been multiplied with the number of appearances of the where bacterium is located.
After tumbling, it moves in the di- branch in that iteration as depicted in 7. The sum of loads connected through a C. Reproduction feeder route when divided by the total load of network gives the It is possible that bacteria may stick around the initial position magnitude of repellant released by bacteria at any node of that or local optima. Therefore, to eliminate the possibility of being route. In each iteration, this repellent avoids the formation of trapped into local optima, reproduction is used.
Reproduction loops in the network to a certain extent as a bacterium will feel is performed after completing a preset number of chemotactic small repellent effect from nodes which are already connected steps to maintain the efficacy of the expeditions.
A bacterium to other nodes.
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